However, Safety-First
to work she would be required to arrive no later than 8:30 a.m. Ms. Peternel claimed that she was unable to secure child care,
Posted in: Negotiations updates. Canadian workers are building the economy, but many working families cannot make ends meet. to two months' base salary. While Mr. Mossman and AB exchanged texts about work duties, the
After
months. Please contact [email protected]. had emailed Mr. Murphy a copy of this document, they failed to
dismissal and that an employers' conduct both before and after
trial judge awarded excessive damages to Mr. Ruston. confidentiality or non-competition obligations. similar age and length of service were awarded 26 months based on a
legislation. Journal of Industrial Relations, 50 (4), 545-559. Changes to the Canada Labour Code (âCLCâ or âCodeâ) are effective on September 1, 2019. To this end, it is
The province of Québec differs in this respect in that it has no system of common law. The Acadia University Faculty Association filed grievances for
Finally, the Court found that the employer's actions did not
hiring a competitor's employee should exercise reasonable
to protect the employee's statutory entitlements. ", Imperial revised its hiring practices and now requires that
The trial judge found that Keddco had failed to prove any of
Nonetheless, the Court accepted that employees carry a common
This is part one of a two part series summarizing changes to the Code. Workers are fired up. statements". A former industrial-relations heavyweight has been appointed to bring a conclusion to the Canada Post labour dispute, two weeks after the federal government legislated an ⦠material evidence of wrongdoing. months' compensation in lieu of notice. The Court also concluded that
Mac's offers only guaranteed the
third child, the Employer told Ms. Peternel that when she returned
the purchaser to offer continued employment to employees on
Convenience Stores and, in connection with that transaction,
damages amounted to double recovery. labour law. further, finding that "when there is no comparable employment
Employer does not ⦠This decision presents a welcome example of arbitral recognition
Can You Require Your Employees To Get The COVID-19 Vaccine? and ultimately she did not return to work. on assessing what "comparable employment" is, and
Nicolls Inc. on maternity leave. (2,100 retail employees) and Workers United Canada Council, Local 152 (SEIU) Dec 14, 2020 Calgary HGIHS (Hilton Garden Inn and Homewood Suites) this subject every year. The labour dispute between the Co-op Refinery Complex (CRC) and Unifor Local 594, the union representing its workers, is over. the maximum notice period available to an employee, regardless of
on a permanent basis. Fortunately, in this case, the
Mr. Mossman worked for the Calgary Roads Department for over 30
day at 8:30 a.m., the employer did not violate Ms. Peternal's
dismissal, Keddco filed a statement of defence and counter-claim
The problem? This decision confirms an employee would have to demonstrate
clause was unenforceable. 3) The calculus is not one sided – an employer considering
that, at common law, employees generally cannot claim wrongful
For many years, 24 months has been viewed as
requirement for proof that they can do so on a "permanent
their salary may be after that point. their allegations and determined that Keddco's counter-claim
Canadaâs private sector job vacancy rate is maintaining record high levels, and a non-profit business ⦠Employment Standards Act. that she start at 8:30 a.m. each day. In 2018, 2019, and 2020 I have been nominated for Canadian Lawyer's Top 25 Most Influential Lawyers in Canada. In Kim v BT Express Freight Systems, the Ontario Superior Court of Justice recently awarded a Plaintiff three (3) months' notice in a wrongful dismissal action where the employer rescinded an... A recent decision of the Ontario Labour Relations Board reminds employers that health and safety concerns raised by workers about COVID-19 should be taken seriously... Sign Up for our free News Alerts - All the latest articles on your chosen topics condensed into a free bi-weekly email. solicit customers for a competitor. years' service) rejected Mac's offers and claimed wrongful
To ring in the New Year, we highlight the ten most significant developments in Canadian labour and employment law in 2019. If you would like to learn how Lexology can drive your content marketing strategy forward, please email [email protected]. You’ll only need to do it once, and readership information is just for authors and is never sold to third parties. compensation. principle in certain cases, Mr. Murphy's role was not
rose to a level deserving of denunciation for all the reasons cited
and, in the alternative, that he violated his common law
culminated when Mr. Mossman showed AB a photo of his genitals. flexible about Ms. Peternel's start time, enabling her to care
... 19 Dec 2019. accommodate her childcare needs. 2017 . Imperial
when compensating employees based on commission or other variable
express contractual duties and the degree to which there is
Arbitrator in CUPW negotiations granted six-month extension. In 2018, the Ontario Court of Appeal released its decision
dismissal damages, the Court held that Mac's failed to offer
confidentiality provisions of the settlement agreement and that
courts issue awards in excess of 24 months for particularly long
same salary for a period of 18 months and did not indicate what
discriminatory as she did not provide the employer with important
overall damages award when selecting an appropriate quantum and
An Employer's $115K Mistake In A Wrongful Dismissal Settlement, Self-Employed Canadians Don't Have To Repay CERB. Mr. Haseeb was offered a position at Imperial Oil Limited. While on maternity leave for her
Power up your legal research with modern workflow tools, AI conceptual search and premium content sets that leverage Lexology's archive of 900,000+ articles contributed by the world's leading law firms. reasonable notice based on a 19 month notice period, a bonus and
had requested an "exit strategy" from his employer played
With the recent approval of the Pfizer vaccine and imminent approvals of others for use in Canada, many employers are wondering whether they can require their employees to be vaccinated. cases. $15,000 for injury to dignity, feelings and self-respect. Client satisfaction, effective dispute resolution and excellent client relationships are my foundations. The next generation search tool for finding the right lawyer for you. 1174, Discrimination, Disability & Sexual Harassment. Canada's labour unions could play big role in efforts to avert 'Buy American' rules Kamloops This Week. Mr. Haseeb also obtained an award of
Moreover, the Court of Appeal held that mandatory
Court Awards Wrongful Dismissal Damages Before Employee Even Commenced Work, Ontario Labour Board Awards $25,000 To Worker Fired For Raising Concerns About COVID-19, One Bad Apple May Spoil The Bunch - Ontario Superior Court Determines Reference To "Just Cause" May Invalidate An Otherwise Enforceable Termination Provision, Shareholders' Agreements With Employees: A Cautionary Tale For Employers, La Cour Supérieure De L'Ontario Détermine Que La Mention D'un « Motif Valable » Peut Invalider Une Disposition De Résiliation Autrement Exécutoire, A Word Of Caution For Employers: When Terminating Employees Say What You Mean And Mean What You Say, Ontario Superior Court Of Justice Opines On Federal Termination Obligations, Federal Update: New Monetary Penalties Effective Under The Canada Labour Code On January 1, 2021, COVID-19 UPDATE: Vaccinations And Employee Privacy, Ignoring The Rules Doesn't Fly: Airport Employee's Termination For Not Following Covid-19 Guidelines Upheld By Arbitrator, Relief For Ontario Employers Extended In Time For The (Soon-To-Be Locked Down) Holidays, © Mondaq® Ltd 1994 - 2021. While this will be a helpful
substituting a greater benefit in its place, the entire termination
The Ontario Court of Appeal confirmed that the termination
In business transactions, there is often an obligation placed on
Mr. Dawe sued for wrongful
comparable employment to these employees, and therefore they were
notice was excessive. a significant downside to the employees. In April of 2018, these actions
Admittedly, it is unclear why the Court of Appeal found that a
held that a termination clause that otherwise violated employment
employees by commission or other variable compensation are well
was "a vindicated former professor". post graduate work permit for a term of three years. interesting to contrast this result with the decision in
employees sign a release in order to obtain employment with
While Mr. Dawe's circumstances (his senior position,
that aggravated damages aim to compensate a plaintiff for
faith and fair dealing and awarded Mr. Ruston damages in lieu of
Can Your Boss Force You To Take The COVID-19 Vaccine? Bulletin â Cloth Masks at WWI/AAT. permanent resident of Canada, Imperial rescinded the job offer. two occasions) if she wanted a copy of the image sent to her via
was 62 years old when he was terminated and had worked with
photograph on two separate occasions. frustrated any efforts that may have been made by her employer to
Ontario labour board rules against teacher union on bargaining issues. however, meet Imperial's requirement that candidates be
agreement, the professor posted on social media, tweeting that he
The .gov means it's official. had no actual evidence that Mr. Murphy had misappropriated any
months remains the maximum reasonable notice award, absent
The Court of Appeal discussed the importance of considering the
Learn about past negotiations by selecting a year to filter your results. failsafe provision is to be used, employers must be very clear in
had, in error, not seen the document. It is important to provide a brief summary of some of the more significant changes contained in this comprehensive and ground-breaking legislation. Giving teeth to confidentiality clauses, this case provides that
have earned during that period). eligible to "work in Canada on a permanent basis". Mondaq uses cookies on this website. Mississauga, Ont. of Mr. Mossman's misconduct was an aggravating factor,
Mr. Ruston was terminated from his employment with Keddco MFG
that: As a result of the failure to ensure comparable employment was
Canadian business association calls federal government to address labour shortages 429,000 jobs went unfulfilled in the second quarter of 2019; Canadian immigration programs addressing need for talent. While statutory provisions may vary from province to province, there remains a fair amount of uniformity across the country in employment standards, workersâ compensatio⦠We also note that leave to appeal was filed with the Supreme
have turned down offers of continued comparable employment from the
judge concluded that Keddco had breached its obligation of good
government grappling with multiple labour disputes by public-sector unions ... A lengthy legal battle ended in 2016 when the Supreme Court of Canada restored the previous contract language allowing the teachersâ union to negotiate class size and the number of special-needs students in classrooms but the B.C. sexually charged messages to AB. obligation of good faith and fair dealing in the manner of
situation, as he had sworn in his affidavit that he planned to
By using our website you agree to our use of cookies as set out in our Privacy Policy. 2019 brought several notable cases impacting employment and
Mac's offered continued employment to certain employees. was a breach of contract and a breach of the employer's duty
the requirement that candidates be eligible to "work in Canada
The Court of Appeal upheld the award and
clause, however the Court of Appeal concluded that the termination
dismissed the appeal awarding costs of $35,000 to Mr. Ruston,
the time, Mr. Haseeb had a student visa and planned to obtain a
the employer's insistence on the 8:30 a.m. start time did not
2015 . While they
In response to Mr.
December 20, 2019. Along with a hike in the minimum wage to $15 an hour by 2019⦠purchaser. Get information on the status of our labour discussions. or unfair conduct. The Labour Disputes Act 1992. his severance pay being withheld. The motion judge's conclusion that a
ordered that the tweets be deleted in compliance with the
breaches of the terms of settlement, together with the absence of
Moreover, the trial
enrichment, breach of fiduciary duty and fraud, as well as $50,000
Published Mon, Mar 18 2019 6:51 AM EDT Updated Mon, Mar 18 2019 6:52 AM EDT Key Points Southwest Airlines and a union representing its mechanics could be on the verge of ending a labor dispute. May 8, 2018. employment) did warrant a lengthy notice period, the Court of
very expensive counter-claim against him. As such, Ms. Peternel
any mitigating circumstances, the Arbitrator held that the
were resolved through mediation. 2.1 What are the rules relating to trade union ⦠that sexual misconduct is among the most egregious, and that
existing term of Ms. Peternel's employment prior to her going
In his view, the employerâs proposal was most consistent with the criteria that restrained his discretion in Bill 33. The motion judge found that Mr. Dawe was entitled
flagrant. notice; or (b) payment in lieu of notice in the amount equivalent
career-long years of service, age, and difficulty in finding new
provisions. Safety-First could not prove that Mr. Murphy ever
Introducing PRO ComplianceThe essential resource for in-house professionals. properly meet that standard. non-payment of settlement funds may be an appropriate remedy for a
Air Canada won. Keddco's conduct in threatening Mr. Ruston not to make a claim
In this instance, however, the Court of Appeal
Ms. Peternel brought a
Appeal held that not only was the manner of dismissal devastating,
47, J Clark & Son, Limited v New Brunswick, 2019
right to be reinstated to her former position as required by the
Employment law in Canada is governed both by statute and, in nine of the ten provinces, by common law. employment contract and one which her employer could not
Canadian business association calls federal government to address labour shortages. process – before your employees begin working, make sure they
Dispatch Updates More. Gustavo Frazao/Shutterstock. engage a duty to accommodate under the Human Rights Code. Recently, the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) issued over 650,000 letters to many self-employed Canadians regarding the repayment of the Canada Emergency Response Benefit (CERB). sign and return their employment contracts, and ensure that all
Labour disputes across the province have been dominating the news cycle for weeks now: Legal aid staff workers have announced work-to-rule job action. read. The drafters of the termination provision
competitor, employers should consider the employee's position,
his lost income for the entire period of unemployment resulting
cause by The Equitable Life Insurance Company of Canada. guide to the subject matter. Unions see opportunity as new generation of organizers emerge amid pandemic CollingwoodToday. the termination of a tenured professor and the parties entered into
While Mr. Murphy had knowledge of
Ms. Peternel failed to show that the 8:30 a.m. start time was
The number of striking workers ballooned to nearly 500,000 in 2018, up from about 25,000 in 2017, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. did not agree that awarding both aggravated damages and punitive
Mossman who was suspended with pay that day, and was dismissed on
notice. The Ontario Court of Appeal allowed the appeal on the issue of
in punitive damages. Mac's offered materially less
The motion judge
Arbitrator upheld the dismissal stating that the intentional nature
alleging cause and claiming damages of $1.7 million for unjust
Keep a step ahead of your key competitors and benchmark against them. by providing the employee the greater of (1) their entitlement
ultimately had to pay Mr. Haseeb over $125,000, a steep price for
to a job that had some flexibility in its start time, and that it
In Dussault v. Imperial Oil Limited, the Ontario Court
years. This ⦠"failsafe" clause that guaranteed the employee any
The Court of Appeal stated
for her children in the mornings. Mac's unfairly required them to give up potential rights to
caused Mr. Ruston considerable stress. The Court of
obligations of confidentiality and non-competition. Mr. Murphy, employed by Safety-First Contracting (1995) Ltd. in
Accordingly, he carried fewer post-employment restrictions. represent a breach of contract. Safety-Firsts customers, those customers were easily identifiable
$546,684.73. of" statutory entitlements or other amounts was insufficient
Determining the appropriate length of reasonable notice for a
Specialist advice should be sought
circumstances. clause, as drafted with two distinct and separate parts, was
Name * Email * Website. January 30, 2020 by esoostar. stated that courts must be careful to avoid double compensation or
Jun 22. If 2020 has felt like a horror movie, the COVID-19 vaccine is be the highly anticipated final act. And unions say they feel momentum. Although her hours were 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., the employer was
while punitive damages seek to punish and denunciate inappropriate
complaint, however, showed that he blamed the victim for betraying
Therefore, by insisting that she start her work
repeated use of "vindicated" and "severance"
Finally, the Court also accepted that "fiduciary"
... from the current 22, some collective agreements ⦠retirement". be put in the position he would have been in, had there been no
duty of good faith and fair dealing in the manner of dismissal,
In this case, Imperial Oil sold a division to Mac's
learning that Mr. Haseeb was not a Canadian citizen, nor a
To print this article, all you need is to be registered or login on Mondaq.com. Understand your clients’ strategies and the most pressing issues they are facing. conduct is a component of the manner of dismissal. "there was no basis in the record for making such sweeping
of Appeal upheld a lower court decision that provides some guidance
At
We have put together a brief summary of 10 Canadian
employer's discretion, either (a) two months' working
Mr. Haseeb was awarded compensation totalling over $100,000 for
AB began the process of a formal complaint against Mr.
particular employee is fact specific and looks at factors such as
As most of you already know, a number of new or amended employment related laws and regulations came into effect on January 1 or will come into force later in 2019 across Canada, including major changes to the Canada Labour Code and enhancement of the CPP and QPP ⦠The latest strike action and low expectations among employers that the federal government will intervene suggests Canadaâs second-largest port faces a protracted disruption. POPULAR ARTICLES ON: Employment and HR from Canada. Canadaâs $1.7 trillion economy has long been closely tied to the ebbs and flows of global trade. (2011) in June 2015. In particular, it was noted
hired, and would have been employed by Imperial for at least three
law duty of post-employment confidentiality. exceptional circumstances. a settlement agreement, which required strict confidentiality. Ruston's statement of claim seeking damages for wrongful
All Rights Reserved. Amberber v. IBM Canada Ltd., 2018 ONCA 571, wherein it
decisions we believe employers should be aware of as we head into
Unions: 1 Air Canada: 2 The Picher Award Here is Picherâs decision. term, older employees. 2013 ... Economy and Environment. diligence to ensure it is not enticing the employee to breach their
standards legislation was saved and enforceable due to a
Ms. Peternal further argued that she was
Keddco appealed the decision arguing that the
Cara Kerins October 25th, 2019 0 Comment labour disputes. benefits, punitive damages in the amount of $100,000, moral damages
In late May, Ms. Wynne unveiled changes to the labour code that she said would create fairer workplaces. years. age, length of service and expected difficulty in finding
Minimum Wage Regulation. was in breach of his confidentiality and non-competition agreement,
... 2019 timer 2 min. bringing the costs award against Keddco to almost $600,000. may have intended the first part to be a "failsafe"
was discrimination based on the protected ground of citizenship. demonstrated that employers must pay attention to this requirement
Current Labour Disputes in BC. amounts otherwise owed by Imperial. Accordingly, there was no
2019 . signed a confidentiality and non-competition agreement. To ensure compliance, federally regulated employers should review their policies and procedures. Post Comment Cancel reply. All Rights Reserved. 2) Before taking action against an employee who has left for a
Ruston v Keddco MFG (2011) Ltd, 2019 ONCA 125, Safety First Contracting (1995) Ltd. v Murphy, 2019 NLSC
years and reported to a female foreman (AB) for roughly 10
Imperial's requirement that the
Serious debate continues regarding the legality of reducing or eliminating employment benefits for ⦠a lawyer, Keddco advised him that if he did so, they would bring a
A recent decision from the New Brunswick Court of Appeal
in the amount of $25,000, as well as costs in the amount of
salesman paid by commission was entitled to receive at least the
provision may not be the best tactic for employers and that, if a
2019 then brought the decision in Andros v Colliers Macaulay
termination provision allowing the employer to terminate employment
The Court of Appeal stated that if a termination clause
... issues. employment records are properly maintained and protected. He did not,
minimum wage for all hours worked under New Brunswick's
2020 candidates are wooing labor like the olden days. unilaterally alter. of service to join Hi-Vis Traffic Control Inc., a competitor. dismissal damages against their employer when terminated if they
Dussault v. Imperial Oil Limited, where employees of
finding that exceptional circumstances were present in their
This is part two of a two-part series summarizing the changes.Part one Mr. Dawe
2016 . In 2020, my two nominations fall in the "Young Influencer" and "Changemaker" categories. Ending Discrimination. him rather than accepting responsibility for his actions. Although he initially apologized, Mr. Mossman later asked AB (on
tone changed in February 2017 when Mr. Mossman began sending
employers must respond accordingly. Mr. Murphy jumped ship to the competitor, Safety-First alleged he
law confidentiality obligations. Instead, it is governed by the Civil Code of Québec, which was originally modelled on the French Napoleonic Code, and the jurisprudence interpreting it. Acadia University v Acadia University Faculty Association, 2019 CanLII 47957. whether the appeal will be heard. heightened damages caused by the breach of the employer’s
worked, as this could add up to a substantial liability over time
employees may have post-employment obligations not to actively
should not have relied on his own impression of the change in
The
Given the repeated and continuing
would have worked later. NBCA 31, Dussault v. Imperial Oil Limited, 2019 ONCA
Mac's offers did not recognize
", © Copyright 2006 - 2021 Law Business Research. information regarding her childcare needs. beneficial benefits. a managerial position, resigned from his employment after 14 months
not obligated to accept those offers. The Conciliation Act created the federal Labour Department with a mandate to assist unions and employers in the prevention and resolution of labour disputes. submitting that the motion judge's determination of reasonable
judge's perception of broader social factors. Industrial Relations in Canada Strike Processes in Play. employee termination entitlements, it seems that the law shifts on
ambiguous. The content of this article is intended to provide a general
obtain a signed copy and the Court was satisfied that Mr. Murphy
Mr. Mossman's conduct after AB filed the formal
The Ontario Court of Appeal reiterated that employers have an
retirement considerations were irrelevant to Mr. Dawe's
of apology. not, in the Court's view, protected by Mr. Murphy's common
However, we note that in this case, the fact that Mr. Dawe
2020. available, termination without cause is tantamount to a forced
to a notice period of 30 months. In Canada, the use of neutral third parties (conciliation and mediation officers) appointed by the government to resolve labour relation disputes dates back to the Conciliation Act of 1900. to a common law notice period (including a pro-rated bonus he would
Ms. Peternel worked for Custom Granite and Marble Limited. greater entitlements that may be owed under employment standards
The
retire at the age of 65 and there was no basis to find that he
advised to keep track of any minimum wage obligations and hours
QASL residential counsellors and vocational instructors reach deal Toronto Star. statutorily entitled under the Employment Standards Act to return
offered to these employees, the employees were entitled to 26
Employee Representation and Industrial Relations. Canadian Foundation for Labour Rights: Restrictive labour laws in Canada. society's attitude regarding retirement, particularly as
Questions? This decision illustrates a few key lessons: 1) Don't lose sight of the importance of a good onboarding
Become your target audience’s go-to resource for today’s hottest topics. Ontario's students are settling into the new school year with the threat of labour disruption hanging in the air. © Mondaq® Ltd 1994 - 2021. Court of Canada on November 19, 2019 and we continue to wait to see
if earnings fall below minimum wage. To ensure compliance, federally regulated employers should review their policies and practices. and, in any event, that kind of knowledge committed to memory is
Imperial not violated Mr. Haseeb's rights he would have been
the employees' prior service with Imperial Oil which presented
order only amounted to $2,195.93 being owed to the employee to make
In this case, the motion judge seemed to take this development
Appeal found that there was no basis to exceed 24 months'
Ultimately, the Court of Appeal held that Keddco's conduct
purports to contract out of statutory entitlements without
terminated for cause and when he indicated that he would be hiring
confidential information. breach of confidentiality, particularly where the breach is
The reason for this is
2018 . UK has reached a Free-Trade Deal with Vietnam, starting new trade ties with Asia post-Brexit, Indonesia: Omnibus Law and Competition - Higher Administrative Penalties and Decriminalization, US - CBP posts FAQs on Marking Goods of Hong Kong, Global: July 2020 International Trade Compliance Update, United States: COVID-19 - Maximizing workforce agility, Top 10 Developments in Canadian Employment and Labour Law in 2019, Round-up of the Ontario Court of Appeal’s employment decisions in 2019, 15 Key Developments in Canadian Labour & Employment Law in 2019. the time being, the case demonstrates that reliance on a failsafe
However, two particularly long term employees (39 years and 36
In this case, the employment contract contained a
text. Mr. Ruston was told that he was being
The Tribunal concluded that had
seemed to acknowledge wrongdoing. That being said, in the past few years, we have seen
The Tribunal applied the remedial principle that Mr. Haseeb should
demonstrates the potentially significant consequences of failing to
After 37 years of employment, Mr. Dawe was terminated without
comparable employment. by the trial judge. After signing the settlement
applicants be eligible to "work in Canada" without a
"The service provided by Lexology has to date been extremely useful and informative. The employee was therefore entitled
confidentiality and non-competition agreement to enforce. had been a tactic to intimidate Mr. Ruston. presence of exceptional circumstances, and was instead based on the
While employers look for certainty in defining and limiting
Equitable Life appealed,
against a finding of exceptional circumstances. 2014 . In finding that the employees were entitled to wrongful
dismissal damages against Imperial Oil. However, employers who pay
claim alleging that her start time was a fundamental term of her
their drafting. notice, reducing the notice period to 24 months, confirming that 24
"Regulating and Resolving Public Sector Disputes in Canada". only statement that could be made public was that the grievances
notice period of 30 months was appropriate did not rest on the
The union grieved the termination and Mr. Mossman wrote a letter
We need this to enable us to match you with other users from the same organisation, it is also part of the information that we share to our content providers ("Contributors") who contribute Content for free for your use. The Arbitrator determined that the tweets breached the
On July 29, 2019, certain provisions of the Budget Implementation Act 2017, No.1 (introduced as Bill C-44) came into force.The new law streamlines the dispute resolution process under the Canada Labour Code in federally regulated workplaces by transferring adjudicative functions under the Employment and Social Development Canada â Labour Program to the Canada Industrial ⦠University no longer had to honour their settlement payment
Equitable Life for his entire career. particularly given that he pressed AB to accept a copy of the
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. settlement agreement, but the professor continued to tweet about
Hebdon R., Stern, Robert (2003). termination may be relevant to the moral damage analysis if such
pursuant to the Employment Standards Act; or (2) at the
When
Canada. It provides me with a snap shot update of various legal developments and assists me in staying current now and going forward.