Following birth, some synaptic connections become strengthened and survive, whereas unused ones are replaced by other pathways or disappear. Blanca works long hours, and when she is home she rarely holds her baby, Joey. According to critics, the Strange Situation might not be able to capture important differences among infants because: as a measure of attachment, it may be culturally biased. Evette's little brother has smeared pureed carrots on his face. In terms of temperament-sensitive parenting, Hannah is: exposing William to social situations for observational learning. I purchased Jerome Kagan and Nancy Snidman's book (The Long Shadow of Temperament) to find out. By Amy Novotney. Angelo is 7 years old and has been diagnosed with a learning disability. Recent changes in adoption regulations would mean that: she would be considered as a candidate for adopting a child. 1. Senior Odyssey is a 20-week program designed to: improve problem-solving skills in older adults. They have both agreed that divorce is the best solution for them. Which of the following terms is used to describe the mutually regulated interactions between parents and infants? It is most likely that Joey will develop a(n) _____ with his mother. She would most likely be classified as: In North America, parents tend to prefer children with a(n) _____ temperament, whereas in China, a(n) _____ temperament is more highly valued. A person's position within society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics. Which of the following is probably TRUE about Michelle? Quimby is engaging in: Which concept helps the infant to understand that other people have intentions? Print version: page 24. Angie may be experiencing the middle-age decline in her: Diabetes is to Latinos as __________ is to African Americans. _____ can be defined as an individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding emotionally. He would be classified as: In the second year of life, infants tend to "check" with their mother before they act; they look at her to see if she is happy, angry, or fearful. The macrosystem is defined as the culture in which an individual lives. The view that the oldest-old are physically deteriorated, mentally disabled, sad, and unproductive is: Which of the following tasks would the old-old have a difficult time successfully completing? According to Jerome Kagan (2002, 2003), temperament: is the result of inherited physiological characteristics; however, temperament can be modified to some degree by the environment. According to Jerome Kagan, temperament: is the result of inherited physiological characteristics; however, temperament can be modified to some degree by the environment. Forty-five-year-old Angie loves going to the symphony, but she has been complaining that lately the quality of the symphony is not as good as it was a few years ago. how important are habits obtained during the adolescent egocentrism stage in forming our lasting personality? According to a 2006 study of discipline and corrective methods used by parents, which of the following methods did not increase when comparing the ways parents disciplined a one-year-old to that used on a two-year-old? 1. The inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's perspective is known as _______. According to Erikson, if Lincoln remains in this situation for a long time he will develop: Feelings that occur when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his or her well-being, are known as: Anthony is just starting to crawl and has taken to following his mother around the house. Her doctor told her that she should: Sidney is expecting her first child. 11. why does this stage exsist? I have been skeptical of assertions that Jerome Kagan's longitudinal study, begun in 1989, demonstrates that high-reactive infants turn into introverts, and low-reactive infants into extraverts. Over the past 15 years, the percentage of older people living in poverty has held steady at about _______. In his most probing and expansive work to date, Jerome Kagan—one of this country’s leading psychologists—demonstrates that innovative research methods in the behavioral sciences and neurobiology, together with a renewed philosophical commitment to rigorous empiricism, are transforming our understanding of human behavior.Contemporary psychology, according to Kagan, has been … According to Jerome Kagan (2002, 2003), temperament: is the result of inherited physiological characteristics; however, temperament can be modified to some degree by the environment. In infants' perceptions of others' actions as intentionally motivated and goal directed. When Kagan was reviewing the material collected in childhood and adulthood, he found that the first three years in c… (b) Child-centered kindergarten education involves the whole child and includes concern for the child's physical, cognitive, and social development. The external stimulus is typically a face, in the case of young infants. Sarah tells you that her condition is due to a birth defect. She can walk with difficulty with crutches but prefers her wheelchair. For most people, speech and grammar is localized in the left hemisphere, and the use of metaphor and humor is localized in the right hemisphere. While Sally's mother was pregnant with her, she smoked and drank alcohol which adversely effected Sally's lung development. Tyler will MOST likely: Temperament is directly related to all of the following EXCEPT: Haleigh has learned that when she waves her hands and smiles to show happiness, others around her show happiness, too. It turns out that it isn't about introverts and extraverts, nor does it… Tempest is in the Strange Situation and appears dazed, confused, and fearful. List (in order) Jean Piaget's six substages of sensorimotor thought. Rules governing the appropriate use of language in different contexts. The Apgar Scale uses which of the following measures? She notices that Devin is amazingly patient and seems to be distracting himself by playing with his socks. Jerome Kagan. It was 1989, and Kagan, a professor of psychology at Harvard, had just begun a major longitudinal study of temperament and its effects. Eight-month-old Michael is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose. Monitor Staff December 2008, Vol 39, No. When she meets another nine-month-old baby at her home. Clara, who is an insecure disorganized baby. A type of "baby cry" that is characterized by a sudden appearance of loud crying without preliminary moaning followed by breath holding. Myelination is important in development because: children cannot perform certain functions if the area of the brain controlling those functions is not myelinated. According to a recent study of more than 3,000 4- to 24-month-olds, which of the following statements about the nutritional status of babies in the United States is TRUE? Research on peer pressure to conform to traditional gender roles suggests that: Katrina becomes extremely upset when her brother tries to change the rules of their game, yelling, "You can't do that! Eventually, the baby takes the rattle, holds it for a few seconds, and then holds it out to her mother and smiles. When he opens her gift, he smiles and says, "This is so sick; thanks Gram!!" They tend to show little synchrony when interacting with the children. Temperament and the Reactions to Unfamiliarity. She is shorter than her peers and was born without ovaries. Which of the following is NOT a culture-based resource for older adults? Michelle is upset because she believes that her memory has been getting worse since she entered middle age. Which child will find the task of arranging objects in a precise pattern on a table most challenging? When his son suggests that he may have a hearing problem, Paul says that he does not and that the volume is "just right." She has just discovered that she is pregnant. In Erik Erikson's theory, adults strive for generativity to achieve a sense of _______. First, Kagan and Moss (1962) conducted an ex post analysis of data from the Fels Longitudinal Study which comprised about 100 normal subjects followed from early childhood to adulthood. Which statement is FALSE regarding temperament? He also displays extreme fearfulness around the caregiver. One reason that leisure is important in middle adulthood is that: it prepares middle-aged adults for retirement. Both Allen and Jan will be better able to use the divorce as a way to make positive changes in their lives than they could have several years ago. Life-span developmentalist Paul Baltes and his colleagues believe that successful aging is related to three main factors: selection, optimization, and compensation. Marty is developing rapidly in her size and abilities to sit and stand. _____ can include connections between a wide range of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes, and also can involve social contexts such as families, peers, schools, and culture. The patients are randomly assigned to be in a high-exercise or low-exercise training program for 8 weeks. Which of the following is TRUE of social smiling? ________ memory refers to facts we consciously know, and ________ memory refers to memory without conscious recollection. Especially in infancy, emotions play important roles in: _____ has been the most consistent predictor of a secure attachment. Temperament Temperament consists of the individual differences in emotion, motor activation and attentional reaction to stimuli. Although she would like to be married, there is no special person in her life right now. Which of the following statements about infants and REM sleep is TRUE? Twenty-four-month-old Tyler is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose. is minimally influenced by inherited physiological characteristics but is primarily the result of environmental input. She does not explore the playroom. emergence of the child's head; delivery of the child out of the mother. In the Strange Situation, Latoya basically ignored her mother, was not upset when she left the room, and did not seek her out when she returned. Research suggests that mothers who drink more than 300 milligrams of caffeine a day increase their unborn baby's risk of: Annabel drinks about two cups of brewed coffee a day. In the Strange Situation, Quentin cries mildly when his caregiver departs; however, he is happy upon reunion, and then continues to explore once the caregiver has returned. In general, the situation of adult children living in their parents' home is MOST successful when: parents and children agree to treat one another as adults. As delineated by Jerome Kagan (1989b, 1994; Ellis & Robbins, 1990), two events developed his interest in temperament research. When an infant puts her thumb in her mouth to help soothe herself, the infant is exhibiting: the ability to inhibit or minimize the intensity and duration of emotional reactions. A decreased responsiveness to a stimulus that has been repeatedly presented. Discuss what accounts for these differences. Melatonin Levels change due to shifting physiology, discuss the possible contributing factors for mental disorders in adolescents. You are visiting Chile on your vacation. At the end of the program, their stamina is measured by seeing how long they can walk comfortably on a treadmill. During phase one of John Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, what is MOST likely to occur? This type of cry indicates that Trey is: The fact that infants are captivated by the social world, are attuned to the sounds of human voices, and stare intently at the faces of their caregivers is reflective of their: A criticism of _____ theory is that it ignores the diversity of socializing agents and contexts that exist in an infant's world. Myelination has the effect of increasing the speed and the efficiency of information traveling through the nervous system. Noah has noticed a difference in his two daughters in that one can calm herself and gain control over her emotions rather quickly, and the other has trouble regaining any control over intense emotions. As Sally continued to develop, she was diagnosed with asthma, a breathing disorder. That makes him smile and make sounds, which Janice imitates as she gently takes the toy back. differences between children who are usually cheerful and those who cry a lot of the time. temperament. The _____ mandated a paid 14-week maternity leave in 1992. She is displaying one of a baby's earliest emotions, _____. Kagan published Unstable Ideas: Temperament, Cognition, and Self in 1989. Katrina is exhibiting which of the following types of moral reasoning? Shoko responds positively to being picked up by others, and when put back down freely moves away to play. It is possible that Angelo's mother used _______ while pregnant. is the result of inherited physiological characteristics; however, temperament can be modified to some degree by the environment. Use this lesson to get a better understanding of these objectives: Define temperament Intergenerational transmission of conduct disorder showed a higher connection for males than for females. What have been found to be the two most important contributors to height differences among children worldwide? Parents time interactions in such a way that the infant experiences turn-taking with the parents. "House tree could be learn fat left grass," Mary said. Which of the following terms is used to describe the mutually regulated interactions between parents and infants? B. is the result of inherited physiological characteristics and cannot be modified by the environment. Lilian Katz argues that they are both overlooking children's: opportunity to actively construct knowledge. Researchers call this type of smiling: An inhibited temperament has been associated with all of the following EXCEPT: Which of the following characterizes phase one of Bowlby's model of attachment? One implication of Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory is that to understand development, one must: Consider the individual and the different levels of sociocultural contexts with which he or she interacts. Antonio swings his arms while lying in his crib. A way of measuring age that is defined as the number of years that have elapsed since birth. Robert Plomin argues that nonshared environmental influences produce different personalities among siblings. Paternal interactions usually center on child-care activities, such as feeding, changing diapers, and bathing. Rothbart and Bates would say Devin is high in: According to Freud, infants become attached to the person or object: Shelby has adjusted to the observation that his daughter, Drew, is a _____. How can differences in personality between parent and child influence the developmental process of the child? A study done in 2013 found a link between high-quality infant-toddler care and. What percentage of Americans considers themselves to be religious? While you are there, you see a child on the side of the street begging for money and holding a sign that reads "Need money for food—malnourished." According to a 2006 study of discipline and corrective methods used by parents, the two most common methods parents use for managing and guiding 12-month-old infants' undesirable behaviors are diverting attention and: According to John Bowlby, an infant's internal working model of attachment includes a simple mental model of the caregiver, their relationship, and: A mother hands her baby a rattle, saying, "Here you are." He would be classified as: While it is true that most parents have rushed their two- or three-year-olds by doing something for them, according to Erikson, the real risk of developing _____ comes when children are constantly told and shown all the things they broke, messed up, or did wrong while trying to do things on their own. Stephen is taking his infant son, Todd, to the clinic today. Second, after accidentally causing an interesting event with one's own body (e.g., kicking feet), the infant repeats the action many times. She finds it harder to remember a grocery list or telephone number, though she does not have difficulty with information she uses often, such as her address or Social Security number. Marty is probably in the __________ of life. According to Jean Piaget, this is the second substage of sensorimotor thought. She separates from her husband, discovers that her mother is seriously ill, and begins a more stressful job. You can't change rules!" According to psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas, a(n) _____ child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences. Their child will have a: Don and Ellie are trying to conceive a baby. Compared with earlier and later periods, middle age is influenced most by _________ factors. In terms of infant social sophistication and insight, researchers have found that infants exhibit these characteristics: earlier than scholars originally believed. Betty and Allen's child, Cara, is usually in a pleasant mood. Linda's baby is about to be born. He would be classified as: In the Strange Situation, Cameron did not explore the playroom, clung to his mother when she was in the room, and was very upset when she left the room. How does this affect occupational attainment? According to Jerome Kagan, temperament: A) is the result of inherited physiological characteristics; however, temperament can be modified to some degree by the environment. Socialization that is bidirectional; that is, children socialize parents just as parents socialize children. A criticism of attachment theory is that: other factors may be more important to an infant's adaptations to life. This is an example of: An infant's ability to crawl, walk, and eventually run is called: In the Strange Situation, Jermaine used his mother as a "safe base" as he actively explored the playroom. His first boo… This substage is apparent in children between about 1 month to 4 months of age. Kagan studied temperaments in children and believed that the environment wasn't the only influencing factor in the development of children. "My computer doesn't like me—it keeps eating my pictures," says Sarah. Myelination is the process by which nerve cells become covered with a layer of fat cells. 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